How to speak up

2. 
   
   Don't be nervous- There is nothing to be nervous about when speaking up. It's a good thing to get your thoughts out in the open so that everyone can hear. This may broaden your courage and overcome your shyness. Other people will see you in a whole new different light. If you are still nervous. Think of the 3 C's. "Calm, Cool, and Collected." Don't just say it. Actually think about each one. Close your eyes and say each word clearly, and slowly. When saying each word, picture yourself being Calm, Cool, or Collected
3. 2
   Have a good posture- Having a nice and straight posture will let people know that you won't let anyone walk all over you. If you sulk over, then people may think that you are easy to poke at.
4. 3
   Listen- If you listen to what other people are saying around you, you might think of more things to talk about. Just don't eaves drop to other peoples conversations. Unless you are invited or if it's the right time.
5. 4
   If you are having trouble starting a conversation, ask the other person "How are you?" If the other person seems like they want to go on with the conversation, go on too! There is nothing more uncomfortable than being stuck in an awkward silence.
6. 5
   Class time- If you are in class, actually think about what the teacher is saying. Not only will you save time on your homework, you will be able to ask questions when needed.
7. 6
   Friends- If you are chatting with friends, follow in with the conversation. If you listen, you will know what they are talking about, and then you will know what to talk about too! Try to get involved with the conversation. If people see that you are interested, they will want to talk to you!
8. 7
   Clubs- If you're in Scouts, 4-H, or any club, you probably do lots of activities. It's important to let the adult know your opinion if your group is taking part in a decision. Everyone should be included; just speak up! This is hard to do if you're not the sort of person to speak out. But if you let your leader know your opinion, everyone should respect and value that, and if they don't (which is quite unlikely to happen), you may want to join another troop, pack, or group. You are a part of the group you're in. Everyone should agree fully on what the group should do. Voting isn't always fair if you're going to spend a lot of money on it. If you feel like this isn't happening, tell your group (if you're the leader), or tell the leader (if you're a kid), that you want to make it fair for everyone. Just remember that your opinion IS important and shouldn't be ignored.
9. 8
   Self Esteem- When taking part in a club for kids, you gotta speak up. Don't be shy. This is will only make you nervous. Believe in yourself that you can do it. If you feel self-conscious, pretend it's only you and the club leader. This may sound dumb, but try it and don't think about the others. You just have to be strong.
10. 9
    Confidence is Key-Always act confident.Not too confident though! Some may think you're trying to take over or be cocky. GOOD LUCK!

16 TENSES

tense	Affirmative/Negative/Question	Use	Signal Words
Simple Present	A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?	action in the present taking place once, never or several times facts actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule	always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)
Present Progressive	A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?	action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time action arranged for the future	at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple Past	A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?	action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another action taking place in the middle of another action	yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday if sentence type II (If I talked, …)
Past Progressive	A: He was speaking. N: He was not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?	action going on at a certain time in the past actions taking place at the same time action in the past that is interrupted by another action	when, while, as long as
Present Perfect Simple	A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?	putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on action that stopped recently finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking	already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive	A: He has been speaking. N: He has not been speaking. Q: Has he been speaking?	putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) action that recently stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present	all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect Simple	A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken?	action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)	already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)
Past Perfect Progressive	A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking?	action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action	for, since, the whole day, all day
Future I Simple	A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak?	action in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future	in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, shewill help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps
Future I Simple (going to)	A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak?	decision made for the future conclusion with regard to the future	in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future I Progressive	A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking?	action that is going on at a certain time in the future action that is sure to happen in the near future	in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future II Simple	A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?	action that will be finished at a certain time in the future	by Monday, in a week
Future II Progressive	A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking?	action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action	for …, the last couple of hours, all day long
Conditional I Simple	A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak?	action that might take place	if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.)
Conditional I Progressive	A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking?	action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action
Conditional II Simple	A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?	action that might have taken place in the past	if sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)
Conditional II Progressive	A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking?	action that might have taken place in the past puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action

Writing an Effective Conclusion

Topic Sentence: This is where the main ideas are summed up and the thesis statement is restated in a different, interesting way.

Example:
When Junior sees his father forced to kill Oscar, the dog, it changes his entire view on his life and future.


Summation: This is where the reader is told what he/she should have learned from the essay, why it is significant and how it relates to the real world.

Example:
Because of this, he understands the way poverty forces people to make difficult choices no one should ever have to make. Junior realizes he does not want to be put in this kind of position when he is an adult. Although this moment is traumatizing for Junior, sometimes it takes a moment like this to help a person decide to take action and change their life for the better. It is these types of moments which forever shape a person’s perspective and influences them to take real steps toward a better future.


Concluding Sentence: This is the final thought, the final chance to leave the reader with something to think about. It should be a bold statement that cements the essays message in the mind of the reader.

Example:
Although it is difficult to recognize at the time, a tragic moment like this one can be the best thing that happens to you.

Concluding Paragraph:


When Junior sees his father is forced to kill Oscar, the dog, it changes his entire view on his life and future. He understands how poverty forces people to make difficult choices no one should ever have to make. Junior realizes he does not want to be put in this kind of position when he is an adult. Although this moment is traumatizing for Junior, sometimes it takes a moment like this to help a person decide to take action and change their life for the better. It is these types of moments which forever shape a person’s perspective and influences them to take real steps toward a better future. Although it is difficult to recognize at the time, a tragic moment like this one can be the best thing that happens to you.



Writing a Conclusion
Graphic Organizer
There are 3 parts to your conclusion:

1. Restate your thesis
2. Summation (tell the reader what they should have learned, why it is important and how it relates to the world)
3. Concluding sentence (final thought; leave the reader something to think about)